A Kofler bench is a metal strip with a temperature gradient (range from room temperature to 300°C). Any substance can be placed on a section of the strip, revealing its thermal behaviour at the temperature at that point. Differential scanning calorimetry gives information on melting point together with its enthalpy of fusion.

Here T, ΔS and ΔH are respectively the temperature at the melting point, change of entropy of melting and the change of enthalpy of melting. For most substances, melting and freezing points are approximately equal. For example, the melting and freezing points of mercury is 234.32 kelvins (−38.83 °C; −37.89 °F). [2] However, certain substances possess differing solid-liquid transition temperatures. For example, agar melts at 85°C (185°F; 358K) and solidifies from 31°C (88°F; 304K); such direction dependence is known as hysteresis. The melting point of ice at 1 atmosphere of pressure is very close [3] to 0°C (32°F; 273K); this is also known as the ice point. In the presence of nucleating substances, the freezing point of water is not always the same as the melting point. In the absence of nucleators water can exist as a supercooled liquid down to −48.3°C (−54.9°F; 224.8K) before freezing. [ citation needed] When those who lean right come out from behind the Wall of Denial and face up to the climate problem with eyes open, head on, we will begin seeing more constructive climate policies that are much more effective. The measurement can also be made continuously with an operating process. For instance, oil refineries measure the freeze point of diesel fuel "online", meaning that the sample is taken from the process and measured automatically. This allows for more frequent measurements as the sample does not have to be manually collected and taken to a remote laboratory. [ citation needed] Techniques for refractory materials [ edit ] Anyway, sea level rise is not the only effect we need to worry about happening due to global warming. It is just the easiest one to predict and measure. Looking at atmospheric pattern changes is more complicated because there are many other short-to-medium-term changes adding "noise" to the trend lines. For instance, the Anaszi culture in the U.S. southwest seems to have been extinguished by a centuries-long shift in rainfall in that region, long before the industrial revolution. So, it is difficult to look at the current drought in the southwest as clearly due to global warming caused by humans. Hard to prove it is or is not.The metal with the highest melting point is tungsten, at 3,414°C (6,177°F; 3,687K); [4] this property makes tungsten excellent for use as electrical filaments in incandescent lamps. The often-cited carbon does not melt at ambient pressure but sublimes at about 3,700°C (6,700°F; 4,000K); a liquid phase only exists above pressures of 10MPa (99atm) and estimated 4,030–4,430°C (7,290–8,010°F; 4,300–4,700K) (see carbon phase diagram). Hafnium carbonitride (HfCN) is a refractory compound with the highest known melting point of any substance to date and the only one confirmed to have a melting point above 4,273K (4,000°C; 7,232°F) at ambient pressure. Quantum mechanical computer simulations predicted that this alloy (HfN 0.38C 0.51) would have a melting point of about 4,400 K. [5] This prediction was later confirmed by experiment, though a precise measurement of its exact melting point has yet to be confirmed. [6] At the other end of the scale, helium does not freeze at all at normal pressure even at temperatures arbitrarily close to absolute zero; a pressure of more than twenty times normal atmospheric pressure is necessary. These new ways of observing the glacier allow us to understand that it's not just how much melting is happening, but how and where it is happening that matters in these very warm parts of Antarctica," Cornell University researcher and Icefin team member Britney Schmid said. The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium. The melting point of a substance depends on pressure and is usually specified at a standard pressure such as 1 atmosphere or 100 kPa.

Ken , the intent of that particular sentence in my post was a response to the previous posts that talked about other natural cycles (e.g., "Solar Maximum and Minimum activities. And pole shift events"), which have little-to-nothing to do with global climate. Yes, there are theories that somegthing like a grand solar minimum might trigger an ice age, but even if true, it would be in relation to the climate being set-up for it by the Milankovitch Cycles in the Earth's orbital and rotational precession patterns. Probably not. Much of the melting is due to the cycles of the Earth's orbital precession and axis tilt precession. And the current parts of those cycles are heading towards more warming in the Antarctic and less in the Arctic.

The freezing point of a solvent is depressed when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a lower freezing point than a pure solvent. This phenomenon is used in technical applications to avoid freezing, for instance by adding salt or ethylene glycol to water. [ citation needed] Carnelley's rule [ edit ]